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Norham Castle is set high on a grassy mound, commanding a vital ford over the River Tweed. It was one of the most important strongholds in this once turbulent border region. It was the one castle most frequently attacked by the Scots, besieged at least 13 times, once for nearly a year by Robert Bruce. But even its powerful 12th century keep and massive towered bailey walls could not resist James IV's heavy cannon, and it fell to him in 1513, shortly before his defeat at Flodden Field. The extensive 16th century rebuilding that followed, adapting the fortress for artillery, is still clearly traceable. In 1596, Elizabeth I refused to spend any money on the castle, and after the union of the English and Scots crowns in 1605 it slowly fell to decay. The ruins then passed through many hands until 1923, when they were placed in the care of the state.
English Heritage: Link

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